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---title: "Gaelic Pronunciation Guide"date: 2014-09-28T12:08:40ZBlog: ["Kilted Scot"]category: - "Gàidhlig" - "Gaelic" - "pronunciation"images: ["/images/copy-Jon-logo3-e1413736463101.png"]Type: ["article"]draft: false---## Pronunciation Guide
***Rather than re-invent the wheel, I found the following excellent pronunciation guide online.***
***Copied from the [Cambridge University Hillwalking Club website](http://www.cuhwc.org.uk/page/unofficial-guide-pronouncing-gaelic "Gaelic Pronunciation Guide") with thanks to it’s author Mark Jackson (mark3jackson at gmail dot com) who granted permission to reproduce this below.***
Let’s get a couple of things straight before we begin. Firstly, it’s pronounced (in English) ‘gal-ick’. Irish Gaelic is pronounced (in English) ‘gay-lik’. The (Scottish) Gaelic name for (Scottish) Gaelic is ***Gàidhlig***, pronounced ‘gaa-lik’, not to be confused with the Irish (Gaelic) name for Irish (Gaelic), which is written ***Gaeilge*** and pronounced ‘gail-gyuh’. Both languages are descended from 6th-century Old Irish, and are about as mutually intelligible as Cockney and Glaswegian (i.e. somewhat, if you speak slowly). Welsh is a more distant relation (compare Welsh _pen_ and Gaelic _beinn_; Welsh _moel_ and Gaelic _meall_).
Second, Gaelic pronunciation is a lot more complex than Welsh, and I enjoy writing about it, so I’m not going to give you short shrift. This is going to be a **long** guide.
### Some ground rules
* Gaelic has only eighteen letters in its alphabet, so no J, K, Q, V, W, X, Y or Z.* A consonant + H denotes a completely different sound to the same consonant without an H following it.* Gaelic has a system of _broad_ vowels (**A, O, U**) and _slender_ vowels (**E, I**). It’s a strange feature of Gaelic spelling that a consonant – or bunch of consonants – only ever has broad vowels on both sides, or slender vowels on both sides. So _aonach_ and _coire_ are both valid words, but not **aonech** or **core**. After a while, these sorts of words just start to look wrong.* When many – but not all – consonants are surrounded by slender vowels (called a slender consonant), they change their sounds to sound as though they have a Y following them. Consonants do exactly the same in English when followed by a U. Thus the initial sounds of the words _ceann_, _dearg_ are the same as the initial sounds of cure, dune.* There is also a distinction that needs to be understood in certain places between back vowels (vowels that sound in the back of the mouth, that is ‘aw’, ‘ur’, ‘oo’, ‘ow’, ‘aa’, ‘o’, ‘u’, ‘a’) and front vowels (everything else).* Gaelic words are stressed on the first syllable. There, that was simple. The whole discussion about vowels only applies in stressed (i.e. initial) syllables, because anywhere else in the word, vowels only make a couple of sounds (to be covered later).
### Simple vowels
Gaelic uses the grave accent on vowels, so suddenly we have ten to cope with. The use of the accent is consistent though and just signifies a longer version of the vowel.
* **A** like in _cat_, or more accurately, like the first part of the vowel in _cow_.* **À** is a longer version of the above, as in _father_.* **E** like a short version of the sound in _bay_ before the Y sets in; like French _é_.* **È** longer version of the above.* **I** is a short version of the sound in _see_.* **Ì** as in _see_.* **O** as in _cot_ usually; but before **B, BH, G, GH, M** and **MH** it makes a sound more like the French _au_ in _jaune_.* **Ò** as is law.* **U** is a short version of the sound in _food_; like French _ou_.* **Ù** as in _food_.
These rules aren’t applicable all the time, but they’re a good starting point.
### Broad consonants
(that is, consonants surrounded by broad vowels.)
* **F, L, LL, M, N, NN** and **S**; as in English. Well, I wanted to start you off with the easy ones.* **H** as in English, but only when it’s found in isolation (which isn’t often). When it comes after a consonant, it modifies the sound of the preceding consonant instead of having a sound of its own. See below.* **P, T** and **C**; as in English, except that in the middle or end of words you should add a very slight ‘kh’ sound before them, almost no more than a little extra breath. (That ‘kh’ is the back of the throat sound as in _loch_ or German _Bach_. Practise it.) E.g. _càrn_ ‘caarn’, _baca_ ‘ba(kh)-kuh’.* **B, D** and **G**; as in English only at the beginnings of words. Elsewhere they sound like English P, T and C respectively. E.g. _bàn_ ‘baan’, _fada_ ‘fat-uh’.* **R** and **RR**; rolled, and never left out. Ever. If you can’t roll your R’s you can approximate a single tap of the roll (which is all most Gaels ever say anyway) by bending your tongue back until the underside of the tongue is touching the roof of your mouth, and then flicking the tongue forward while trying to say an English R. The tongue should catch behind the teeth, producing a sharp tapping sound rather unlike the English R.* **BH** and **MH**; both pronounced as the English V. For example, _mhòr_ ‘vaur’.* **CH**; as in _loch_ or German _Bach_. If you can’t make this sound, you might as well give up now, because there’s no surer sign that you’re a Sassenach than being unable to pronounce _loch_ as anything other than ‘lock’.* **GH** and **DH**; these are to CH as G is to C, i.e. with the mouth and tongue in the same place but with the vocal cords vibrating. (You can tell if your vocal cords are vibrating or not by placing your hand against your throat and seeing if you can feel a buzzing sensation.) It’s a bit like gargling, or sitting on a G for several seconds. E.g. _dhorain‘_ ghorrin’.* **FH** is silent. E.g. _fhuaran_ ‘uaran’.* **PH** as in English.* **SH** and **TH**; as the English H. For example, _thuilm_ ‘hoolim’.
### Combinations of consonants
Only one rule here: for some reason best known to itself Gaelic inserts a SH sound into the combinations RD and RT. Therefore _aird_ ‘aarsht’.
### Slender consonants
As discussed above, in most cases, ‘slenderising’ a consonant just involves sticking a Y after it. Thus slender **B** is like the BY in English _beauty_ at the beginning of a word, and like the PY in English _puke_ elsewhere. Slender **C** is just like the CY in English _cute_, slender **SH** is like the HY in _hew_, slender **L** is like the LY in _million_ and slender **BH** is just like the VY in English _view_. This process is also done to **R** and **NG** although their modified forms aren’t found in English. E.g. _cìr_ ‘kyeery’.
The difficulty for English speakers is _ending_ a word with this kind of slenderised sound. For example, _cìr_ above only has one syllable, and it ends with what sounds like an R and a Y run quickly together. Writing out the pronunciations for these things isn’t easy either!
Of course, there are a lot of exceptions.
* Slender **S** is pronounced as the English SH. E.g. _clais_ ‘clash’.* Slender **CH** is pronounced like the German _ich_; that is to say, rather like an H and a Y run together and said with more force. E.g. _lapaich_ ‘la(kh)-piçh’.* Slender **GH** and **DH** are a voiced version of the above, i.e. as above, but with the vocal cords vibrating. It can sound rather like a severely overdone Y. E.g. _dhearg_ ‘yyerrak’.* The consonants **B, BH, M, MH, F, FH, P, PH, SH** and **TH** only slenderise before a back vowel (see the Ground Rules section). E.g. _bealach_ ‘byal-uhkh’ and _meall_ ‘myowl’, but _beag_ ‘behk’ (not ‘byehk’), _caibe_ ‘kap-uh’ (not ‘kap-yuh’) and _tìm_ ‘teem’ (not ‘teemy’).* **L** only slenderises at the beginning of a word. E.g. _leum_ ‘lyehm’ but _cuilean_ ‘ku-luhn’* **N** only slenderises initially or after a back vowel. E.g. _nead_ ‘nyet’ and _duine_ ‘duwn-yuh’, but _teine_ ‘tyen-uh’.* **R** slenderises everywhere except at the beginning of a word. Honestly, who makes these things up? So we _haverèidh_ ‘ray’ but _bhuiridh_ ‘vui-ryee’.* **LL, NN** and **RR** slenderise as expected, you will be glad to hear.
Finally, ever hear the English word _tune_ pronounced ‘tchoon’ rather than ‘tyoon’? This is a common trend, and the same is happening in Gaelic. Thus it’s fine to pronounce _teallach_ ‘tchal-uhkh’ rather than ‘tyal-uhkh’, and of course it means the word _nid_ comes out as ‘nyitch’ (because the D is pronounced as a T because it’s not at the start, but it’s also slender, so it becomes TY which then becomes TCH…)
Enjoying yourself? Just wait till we meet the vowels…
### Combinations of vowels
The trick with this stuff is knowing which vowels are actually supposed to be sounded, and which have been inserted to mark the surrounding consonants as broad or slender. Also, Gaelic vowels have a habit of changing before certain consonants, much as the A’s in the English words ”half”, ”hand”, ”hall”, ”halt” and ”hallow” are all pronounced differently. Just be grateful you aren’t having to learn as many rules as a learner of English!
* As a general rule, an **I** following a vowel does not change its pronunciation, thus **AI, EI** and **ÒI** are pronounced the same as **A, E** and **Ò** respectively. E.g. _caisteal_ ‘kash-tchuhl’ and _coire_ ‘corruh’.* **AO** is a new vowel, and we all love those. It’s like the OO sound in English ”food”, but with the lips unrounded, and sounded further back in the throat. To some, it sounds like a cross between that OO sound and the UR sound in burn. E.g. _aonach_ ‘uw-nuhkh’.* **EA** this combination sounds just like a Gaelic E before the letters D, G and S. Elsewhere, it mostly has the sound of the English E in ”bed”, e.g. _beag_ ‘behk’ but _geal_ ‘gyel’.* **EO** and **EÒ** sound just like the Gaelic O and Ò, except that a Y sound is added before them when they come at the start of a word. E.g. _beoil_ ‘byaul’ and _eòin_ ‘yawny’ (note the slender n).* **EU, IA** and **ÌO** sound like a Gaelic I and A run together, that is, like the English word ”ear” (without the R). E.g._riabhach_ ‘reea-uhkh’. One exception; before **M, EU** becomes a long E sound instead. Thus _leum_ ‘lyehm’.* **IO** just sounds like I. E.g. _biod_ ‘bit’.* **IU, IÙ** and **IÙI** sound just like the Gaelic U and Ù, except that a Y sound is added before them when they come at the start of a word. E.g. _iubhar_ ‘yoo-uhr’.* **UA** and **UAI** sound as in English pure or Northern tour. Thus _bruach_ ‘bruakh’.* **UI** normally just sounds like U (as you’d expect from the first rule in this section) but before M, N, NG and S it sounds like the Gaelic **AO** instead. E.g. _uisge_ ‘uwshk-yuh’.
### Vowels in unstressed syllables
* **A, E, EA** make an ‘uh’ sound as in the second syllable of butter. E.g. _bidean_ ‘bit-yuhn’.* **AI, EI, I, OI, UI** make a short ‘i’ sound as in _pin_. E.g. _tarsuinn_ ‘tar-sin’.
Simples. No other vowels appear in unstressed syllables.
### Vowels before LL, M and NN
Much as in English _hall_, almost every vowel in Gaelic changes its sound before these letters. This only happens in stressed syllables.
* **A** and **EA** now make the sound of English _cow_. E.g. _meall_ ‘myowl’ and _ceann_ ‘kyown’. In the case of **EA**, a Y sound is added before it when it starts a word, and it doesn’t change before M.* **AI** now makes the sound in English _sky_. E.g. _caill_ ‘kyle’.* **EI** now sounds like English _vein_, e.g. _beinn_ ‘beyn’ and _greim_ ‘greym’.* **I** and **U** simply get lengthened, e.g. _till_ ‘tcheely’.* **IO** (and this is a weird one) becomes the long OO sound (but not before M). What’s more, it gains an extra Y sound in front if it begins a word. E.g. _fionn_ ‘fyoon’, _fhionnlaidh_ ‘yoon-lee’ – don’t forget the FH is silent!* **O** is lengthened to a sound similar to that in English _home_. E.g. _tom_ ‘tohm’.* **OI** becomes the sound of the Welsh EI, that is, a sound formed by running together a short ‘uh’ and an ‘ee’. E.g. _broinn_ ‘brueyn’.* **UI** becomes a difficult sound formed by running together the back-of-the-throat Gaelic **AO** sound and an ‘ee’. E.g. _druim_ ‘druuym’.
An important rule to remember is that this does not happen if a vowel follows the LL/M/NN. It’s the same in English with the words fall and fallow. Most of the time a following vowel just causes the preceding vowel to fall back to how it would have been had the LL/M/NN not been present (e.g. _mullach_ is ‘mu-luhkh’ not ‘moo-luhkh’), but there are a couple of exceptions:
* **EA** becomes a Gaelic short A, but still has a Y preceding it if it starts a word off. E.g. _teallach_ ‘tchal-uhkh’.* **IO** becomes a Gaelic short U. It also still has a Y preceding it if it starts a word off. E.g. _sionnach_ ‘shu-nuhkh’.
### Vowels before RR/RN/RD
A similar lengthening takes place before the combinations **RR, RN** and **RD**. This one is simpler though.
* **A, AI** and **EA** lengthen to make a long **À** sound. E.g. _aird_ ‘aarsht’ and _fearna_ ‘fyaar-nuh’.* **O** and **U** lengthen to sound like **Ò** and **Ù**, e.g. _sgurr_ ‘skuur’. Similarly, **IU** lengthens to sound like **IÙ**.
As in the previous section, this lengthening does not happen if a vowel follows the RR (note: it <u>does</u> happen if a vowel follows an RN or an RD), e.g. _corranaich_ ‘korruh-niçh’. Also as in the previous section, under these circumstances an EA ends up sounding like a short A (e.g. _earrach_ ‘yarruhkh’).
### Those pesky BH, DH, GH and MH
The most annoying thing about these four consonants is their tendency to disappear when following a vowel. If you come across one of these four in that situation, you’re safer assuming that it’s silent than that it sounds as it should: e.g._dubh_ ‘doo’, _labhar_ ‘laa-uhr’, _sidhein_ ‘shee-in’, _buidhe_ ‘buuy-uh’, _mheadhoin_ ‘vey-in’ (often contracted further to ‘vein’), _braigh_ ‘bruey’, _nighean_ ‘nyee-uhn’. But then there are words like _abhainn_ ‘av-in’, _laogh_ ‘luwgh’, _damh_ ‘dav’ and _caoimhin_ ‘kuw-vin’… It helps to know that **DH** almost always disappears and that **MH** rarely does.
One thing a consonant disappearing like this often does is lengthen the preceding vowel. This explains why the common ending _-aidh_ is pronounced ‘ee’.
But sometimes (and whether they disappear or not!) these four consonants change the sound of the preceding vowel instead. As follows:
* **A/EA** before **DH/GH**; the **DH/GH** is not silent, and the **A/EA** becomes another new vowel, like the ur in English _burn_ but further back in the throat and shorter. E.g. _feadh_ ‘fyeugh’, _ladhran_ ‘leuu-ruhn’ (in this instance the vowel is lengthened by the disappearance of the DH).* **AI** before **BH/DH/MH**; lengthens to the sound of English _sky_. E.g. _aibhne_ ‘eyev-nyuh’.* **AIGH** and **OIGH** make the sound of **OI** before **LL**, that is, ‘uh’ and ‘ee’ run together. E.g. _mhaighdean_ ‘vuey-tchuhn’ and _oighreag_ ‘uey-ryuhk’.* **AOI** plus **BH/DH/GH/MH**; like an **AO** and an ‘ee’ run together. E.g. _laoigh_ ‘luuy’.
### Extra vowels
Gaelic isn’t a fan of having too many consonants of certain types stuck together, so it tends to stick extra vowels in between them, even when there’s no vowel written. To be precise: where an L, N or R is followed by a B, BH, CH, G, GH, M or MH, or preceded by an M, an extra vowel comes between the two. Usually this vowel is a copy of the previous vowel; e.g. _bhalgain_ ‘val-a-kin’, _gorm_ ‘gorom’, garbh ‘garav’.
An exception is that when this would lead to the sound combination E-R-E, an A is sounded instead. This explains why the common word _dearg_ is pronounced ‘jerrak’.
### A guide to the respelling used
Yeah, trying to write out how these words are pronounced isn’t very easy when English doesn’t contain half the sounds involved. Here’s a roundup of all the conventions used:
| **Spelling** | **Meaning** || --- | --- ||‘by’ | as in beauty, even at the end of a word. || ‘çh’ | like the German ich; that is to say, rather like an H and a Y run together and said with more force. || ‘eh’ | like a short version of the sound in bay before the Y sets in; like French é. || ‘eu’ | A new vowel, like the ‘ur’ in English burn but further back in the throat and shorter. || ‘gh’ | to CH as G is to C, i.e. with the mouth and tongue in the same place but with the vocal cords vibrating. It’s a bit like gargling, or sitting on a G for several seconds. || ‘kh’ | The back of the throat sound as in loch or German Bach. Practise it. || ‘uey’ | A sound formed by running together a short ‘uh’ and an ‘ee’. || ‘uh’ | As in butt_er_ or comm_a_. || ‘uuy’ | A difficult sound formed by running together the back-of-the-throat Gaelic AO sound (see below) and an ‘ee’. || ‘uw’ | Like the OO sound in English ”food”, but with the lips unrounded, and sounded further back in the throat. To some, it sounds like a cross between that OO sound and the UR sound in burn. ||‘yy’ | as ‘çh’, but with the vocal cords vibrating. It can sound rather like a severely overdone Y. |
### Test
Right, now that you’ve been reminded of what all my garbled pronunciations are trying to say, cover up the right-hand side of the page/screen and have a go at these Munro names:
| **Name** | **Pronunciation** || --- | --- || Stob Bàn | ‘stop baan’ || An Stuc | ‘uhn stu-(kh)k’ || Creise | ‘kreh-shuh’ || Aonach Mor | ‘uw-nuhkh maur’ || Stob Coire an Laoigh |‘stop corr-uhn luuy’ || Stob Ghabhar | ‘stop ghow-uhr’ || Meall Chuaich | ‘myowl khua-çh’ || Càrn a’ Gheoidh | ‘caarn uh yyoy’ || Sgurr an Doire Leathain |‘skuur uhn dorruh ly-e-hin’ |
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